How a bill becomes an Act in the Indian Parliament

A bill becomes law in Parliament only when both Houses pass it and the President gives assent. Article 107 sets the general rules for introducing and passing bills. Except for a money bill, a bill may be introduced in either House.

Three readings and committees

At the first reading the bill is introduced and its title and purpose stated. At the second reading it is debated in detail, and the House may refer it to a select committee, a joint committee or a department-related standing committee, which reports back. Clauses and amendments are then voted on.

At the third reading the House passes or rejects the bill as a whole. It then goes to the other House, where the same process follows.

Disagreement and joint sittings

If the other House rejects the bill, the Houses disagree on amendments, or six months pass without a decision, the President may call a joint sitting under Article 108. There is no joint sitting for money bills or constitutional amendment bills.

The President’s assent

Under Article 111 the President may assent, withhold assent or, except for a money bill, return the bill for reconsideration. If both Houses pass it again, the President cannot withhold assent. After assent the Act is published in the Gazette.

When the Lok Sabha is dissolved, bills pending in it lapse. A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha that the Lok Sabha has not passed does not lapse on dissolution (Article 107).

Key points

• A bill becomes law in Parliament only when both Houses pass it and the President gives assent.
• At the first reading the bill is introduced and its title and purpose stated.
• If the other House rejects the bill, the Houses disagree on amendments, or six months pass without a decision, the President may call a
• Under Article 111 the President may assent, withhold assent or, except for a money bill, return the bill for reconsideration.

Official 2022 figures for context

For context, the 2022 assembly election had 15,12,46,168 electors and 9,21,62,897 votes polled, with statewide turnout of 60.94 percent. The BJP won 255 seats on 41.29 percent and the Samajwadi Party 111 seats on 32.06 percent. Apna Dal (S) won 12, the RLD 8, the SBSP and NISHAD Party 6 each, Congress and the Jansatta Dal Loktantrik 2 each, and the BSP 1.

The 2017 baseline

The 2017 assembly election had 14,16,63,646 electors and turnout of 61.22 percent. The BJP won 312 seats on 39.67 percent. The Samajwadi Party won 47, the BSP 19, Apna Dal (S) 9, Congress 7 and the SBSP 4. Three independents also won. Between 2017 and 2022, 125 seats changed parties.

The 2024 Lok Sabha context

In the 2024 Lok Sabha election, Uttar Pradesh’s 80 seats were won as follows: Samajwadi Party 37, BJP 33, Congress 6, RLD 2, Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) 1 and Apna Dal (S) 1. Lok Sabha and assembly elections turn on different issues and alliances, so the two results should not be added together to reach a conclusion.

Also read:

• Mathura district assembly results 2022
• Ghazipur district assembly results 2022
• Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha 2024 result

Source: Election Commission of India. Figures are from official statistical reports.

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